28th EHA Congress Travel Award 受賞レポート 藪下 知宏

名前:藪下 知宏【東京大学 薬学系研究科 分子腫瘍薬学】
発表形式:Poster

Title:

 

Mitotic fidelity is a resistance mechanism to decitabine in myeloid tumors

Authors:

Tomohiro Yabushita 1, Takumi Chinen 2, Atsuya Nisiyama 3, Shuhei Asada 1, Keita Yamamoto 4, Naru Sato 1, Yutaka Enomoto 1, Keiko Katoh 5, Kaori Saitoh 5, Takamasa Ishikawa 5, Hitoshi Sato 6, Tomoyoshi Soga 5, Yasuhito Nannya 7, Makoto Nakanishi 3, Daiju Kitagawa 2, Toshio Kitamura 1, and Susumu Goyama 4

Affiliations:

1. Molecular Pharmacology of Malignant Diseases, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
2. Department of Physiological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
3. Division of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
4. Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
5. Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
6. Division of Medical Genome Sciences, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
7. Division of Hematopoietic Disease Control, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Abstract:

Background:Decitabine (DAC) is an epigenetic drug clinically used for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, its exact mechanism of action is unclear. The epigenetic mechanism of action does not fully explain the surprisingly high rates of early complete remission achieved in TP53-mutated myeloid malignancies or the high efficacy in high-risk MDS compared with low-risk MDS.

Methods: To identify essential genes that regulate sensitivity of myeloid tumors to DAC, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR-dCas9 activation screen using murine MDS/AML cells expressing ASXL1 and SETBP1 mutants (cSAM cells). After transduction of mouse genome-wide CRISPRa-v2 library, they were cultured with DMSO or DAC for 1 week. We extracted genomic DNA at the start and end of our screen and quantified the relative representation of each sgRNA. For assessment of the mitotic process, we established the time-lapse high-content confocal imaging system optimized for non-adherent MDS-L-2007 cells.

Results: Our CRISPR/dCas9-activation screen revealed that genes involved in chromosome segregation, including Cdk1, Cdc20, Cdca8 and Dsn1, were related to DAC resistance. We also found that DAC strongly induced aneuploidy and polyploidy (>4n) in myeloid tumors, especially in those with TP53 mutations and secondary AML cells. Furthermore, the time-lapse imaging revealed that DAC prolonged the duration of metaphase and increased multipolar mitosis and abscission failure in MDS-L-2007 cells. Thus, DAC perturbs mitosis and has cytotoxic effects at clinically achievable low concentrations in myeloid tumors.

Next, we assessed the role of DNMT1 in the DAC-induced mitotic defects in myeloid tumors. The DAC-induced aneuploidy and apoptosis were markedly attenuated in DNMT1-depleted myeloid tumors. In contrast, overexpression of Dnmt1 increased mitotic abnormalities of myeloid tumors to DAC. These results indicate that DAC perturbs mitosis not through DNMT1 degradation and subsequent DNA demethylation, but through DNMT1 itself in myeloid tumors. In line with this, DAC induced rapid degradation of DNMT1 in the nucleoplasm fraction, whereas chromatin-bound DNMT1 protein was retained even with DAC. The Dnmt1-C1229A mutant, which loses the ability to induce DNMT1-DNA covalent bond formation, did not enhance the DAC-driven mitotic defects. Furthermore, the cell-free Xenopus system showed that the DNMT1 adducts on DNA physically inhibit chromatin binding of the cohesin complex to DNA. These data suggested that the historically overlooked role of DAC in disrupting the mitotic process by the DNMT1 adducts in myeloid malignancies.

In addition to mitotic regulators, transcriptome and metabolome analyses combined with our screen revealed the involvement of cholesterol metabolism in DAC resistance. Inhibition of cholesterol synthesis using statins delayed mitotic progression, suggesting that cholesterol is also important for proper mitosis. Moreover, co-treatment with DAC and statin caused mitotic catastrophe and showed synergistic growth-inhibitory effects in leukemia cells.

Conclusion: These findings challenge the current assumption that DAC inhibits leukemogenesis by inducing DNA hypomethylation. Rather, the anti-leukemia effect of DAC is likely mediated mainly by the non-epigenetic mechanism: mitotic perturbation through aberrant DNMT1-DNA covalent bonds. Our study also suggests that perturbation of faithful mitotic processes by inhibition of cholesterol synthesis provides a strategy to overcome DAC resistance in myeloid tumors.

EHA2023参加レポート

この度はEHA 2023 Hybrid congress参加にあたり,日本血液学会EHA Travel Awardに採択していただき,誠にありがとうございました。今回の学会はドイツのフランクフルトにて開催されました。COVID-19情勢が落ち着き,EHAより発表者は現地参加を推奨されていましたので,今回は現地参加を選択しました。

私は2017年にもEHAの年次学会に参加したことがあり,5年ぶりの参加となりました。学会によっては,オンラインと現地開催のHybrid形式となり,現地開催の規模がCOVID-19流行前と比較して依然やや小さいこともありますが,今回の学会ではOn-siteの規模は以前と変わらず大盛況でした。一方で,日本からの参加者は相対的に少なくなった印象を受けましたが,普段は遠方で会えない先輩や友人と情報交換ができ,大変有意義な時間を過ごすことができました。

今回参加して最も印象的だったのは初日に開催されたYoung EHA Research meetingというscientific sessionです。各セッションあたり質疑応答の時間が20~30分程度確保されていて,若手研究者が比較的気負わずに質問をすることができ,研究におけるdiscussionの重要性を再認識しました。発表全体としては,基礎研究および臨床研究いずれにおいても,多くのセッションでシングルセル発現解析を含んだ発表が目立ちました。今後はそのようなトレンドとなる解析手法をある程度取り入れつつも,どのように内容面でオリジナリティを発揮するかが求められているように思いました。

私自身としましては,今回,DNA脱メチル化薬であるdecitabineの作用機序・抵抗性・新規の有効な併用療法について,発表させていただきました。Decitabineやazacitidineの作用機序としてDNA脱メチル化作用に注目が集まって約半世紀近くが経とうとしていますが,いまだに詳細な作用機序がわかっていません。そこで,私はdecitabineの真の作用機序・耐性機構を明らかにするために,二次性AML細胞株を用いた全ゲノムCRISPR-dCas9活性化スクリーニングを行い,複数の有糸分裂制御因子がDACの治療抵抗性に関与することを示しました。実際に二次性AML細胞株を中心に,DACは臨床的な低濃度で高頻度に様々な有糸分裂異常を誘導しました。また,これらの有糸分裂異常は,DNA脱メチル化のようなエピゲノム変化ではなく,decitabineによってもたらされるDNMT1-DNA架橋自体が直接的な原因であることがわかりました。本研究が,白血病の患者様に対するDNA脱メチル化薬をkey drugとした治療の層別化・予後改善につながることを期待しています。

今回このような貴重な機会を与えていただきました日本血液学会事務局および国際委員会の諸先生方に心より感謝申し上げます。また日頃よりご指導いただいている合山進先生,北村俊雄先生,本研究に関わっていただいた全ての皆様にこの場を借りて厚く御礼申し上げます。